去年辽宁出入境货值同比增长33.9%
Велика игра ?е био назив за стратешко ривалство изме?у Британске импери?е и Руске Импери?е зарад доминаци?е над сред?ом Ази?ом. За класични период Велике игре се сматрао да ?е тра?ао приближно од Руско-перси?ског споразума из 1813. до Англо-руске конвенци?е из 1907. Ма?е интензивна фаза ?е тра?ала након Октобарске револуци?е 1917. У постколони?алном периоду, ова? назив ?е наставио да се користи за описива?е геополитичке махинаци?е великих и регионалних сила за геополитичком мо?и у утица?ем у региону.[1] Смиш?а?е израза ?Велика игра“ се обично припису?е Артуру Коноли?у, обавешта?ном официру Шестог бенгалског лаког ко?ичког пука Британске источноинди?ске компани?е.[2] Термин ?е у ширу употребу увео британски к?ижевнк Рад?ард Киплинг у свом роману Ким (1901).[3]
Велика игра ?е тако?е имала директне последице у Перси?и и Британско? Инди?и. Британи?а ?е сматрала да Руси?а планира инвази?у на Инди?у и да ?е то ци? руске експанзи?е у централно? Ази?и, док се Руси?а противила шире?у британских интереса у централно? Ази?и. Као резултат тога, дошло ?е до дубоке атмосфере неповере?а и разговора о рату изме?у два велика европска царства.[4][5][6] Британи?а ?е поставила као високи приоритет заштиту свих приступа Инди?и, док ?е Руси?а наставила са осва?а?ем Централне Ази?е.[7] Неки историчари Руси?е зак?учили су да ?е након 1801. године Руси?а имала минималне намере или планове у погледу Инди?е и да се углавном радило о британским сум?ама,[8] иако ?е потвр?ено више планова инвази?е из 19. века, ук?учу?у?и Духамелов план и Хрулевов план, ме?у касни?им плановима ко?и никада нису матери?ализовани.[9]
Велика игра ?е почела 12. ?ануара 1830. године када ?е лорд Еленбаро, председник Одбора за контролу Инди?е, задужио лорда Вили?ама Бентинка, генералног гувернера, да успостави нову трговачку руту до Бухарског емирата.[5][6][10] Британи?а ?е намеравала да стекне контролу над Авганистанским емиратом и учини га протекторатом, те да користи Османско царство, Перси?ско царство, Хиватски канат и Бухарски емират као тампон државе ко?е блокира?у руску експанзи?у. Ово би заштитило Инди?у, а тако?е и к?учне британске поморске трговачке путеве спречава?у?и Руси?у да доби?е луку у Перси?ском заливу или Инди?ском океану.[5][6] Руси?а ?е предложила Авганистан за неутралну зону.[11] Резултати су ук?учивали неуспели Први англо-авганистански рат 1838. године, Први англо-сики?ски рат 1845. године, Други англо-сики?ски рат 1848. године, Други англо-авганистански рат 1878. године и припо?е?е Коканда Руси?и.
Неки историчари сматра?у да ?е кра? Велике игре потписива?е протокола Комиси?е за границу Памира 10. септембра 1895. године,[12] када ?е дефинисана граница изме?у Авганистана и Руског царства.[13][14][15][16] Други сматра?у да ?е Велика игра окончана потписива?ем Англо-руске конвенци?е 31. августа 1907.[17] Роман Руд?арда Киплинга Ким из 1901. учинио ?е термин популарним и увео нову импликаци?у ривалства великих сила. Постао ?е ?ош популарни?и након почетка Сов?етско-афганистанског рата 1979. године.[18]
Референце
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ Walberg 2011.
- ^ Hopkirk 1994, стр. 1.
- ^ Morgan, Gerald (1973). ?Myth and reality in the great game”. Asian Affairs. 4 (1): 55—65. doi:10.1080/03068377308729652.
- ^ Ewans 2004, стр. 1.
- ^ а б в Ingram, Edward (април 1980). ?Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction”. The International History Review. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. 2 (2): 160—171. ISSN 0707-5332. JSTOR 40105749. doi:10.1080/07075332.1980.9640210.
- ^ а б в Ingram, Edward (1984). In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 1775-1842. London: Frank Cass & Co. стр. 7—19. ISBN 0714632465.
- ^ ?The Great Game, 1856-1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia | Reviews in History”. reviews.history.ac.uk (на ?езику: енглески). Приступ?ено 2025-08-07.
- ^ Barbara Jelavich (1974). St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974. стр. 200.
- ^ Korbel 1966, стр. 277
- ^ Secret committee to governor-general in council, 12 Jan. 1830, India Office Records, Ltes/5/543
- ^ Becker 2005, стр. 47.
- ^ Gerard, M. G., "Report on the proceedings of the Pamir Boundary Commission (1897)". Digitized Afghanistan Materials in English from the Arthur Paul Afghanistan Collection. Paper 25.
- ^ Rowe, William C. (2010). ?Chapter 4: The Wakhan Corridor – The endgame of The Great Game”. Ур.: Alexander C. Diener; Joshua Hagen. Borderlines and Borderlands: Political Oddities at the Edge of the Nation-state
. Rowman & Littlefield. стр. 64. ?In setting these boundaries, the final act of the tense game played out by the British and Russian governments came to a close.”
- ^ Gebb, Michael (1983). ?Review:Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1810–1895”. UCLA Historical Journal. 4: 130—132. ?(..) "The final balance was formalized by the Joint Pamirs Boundary Commission in 1895."”
- ^ Morgan 1981, стр. 231.
- ^ Middleton, Robert (2005). ?The Earl of Dunmore 1892–93” (PDF). Pamirs Org. Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 28. 04. 2011. г. Приступ?ено 04. 09. 2021. a commentary on "The Pamirs; being a Narrative of a Year's Expedition on Horseback and Foot through Kashmir, Western Tibet, Chinese Tartary and Russian Central Asia" by Charles Adolphus Murray, the Eighth Earl of Dunmore.
- ^ Dean 2019, стр. 270–71
- ^ Seymour Becker (2012). ?The 'great game': The history of an evocative phrase.”. Asian Affairs. 43 (1): 61—80. doi:10.1080/03068374.2012.646404..
Литература
[уреди | уреди извор]- Ingram, Edward (1984). In Defence of British India: Great Britain in the Middle East, 1775-1842. London: Frank Cass & Co. стр. 7—19. ISBN 0714632465.
- Dean, Riaz (2019). Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia. Oxford: Casemate (UK). стр. 270—71. ISBN 978-1-61200-814-1.
- Korbel, Josef (1966). Danger in Kashmir. Princeton, N.J. стр. 277. ISBN 978-1-4008-7523-8. OCLC 927444240.
- Rowe, William C. (2010). ?Chapter 4: The Wakhan Corridor – The endgame of The Great Game”. Ур.: Alexander C. Diener; Joshua Hagen. Borderlines and Borderlands: Political Oddities at the Edge of the Nation-state. Rowman & Littlefield. стр. 64. ?In setting these boundaries, the final act of the tense game played out by the British and Russian governments came to a close.”
- Hopkirk, Peter (1994). The great game: the struggle for empire in central Asia. Kodansha International. ISBN 978-1-56836-022-5.
- Walberg, Eric (2011). Postmodern Imperialism: Geopolitics and the Great Games. Clarity Press. ISBN 978-0983353935.
- Alder, G. J. (1980). ?Standing Alone: William Moorcroft Plays the Great Game”. The International History Review. 2 (2): 172—215. JSTOR 40105750. doi:10.1080/07075332.1980.9640211.
- Becker, Seymour (2005), Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924 (PDF), RoutledgeCurzon, London, ISBN 978-0415328036, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 10. 10. 2016. г., Приступ?ено 18. 8. 2016
- Dean, Riaz (2019). Mapping The Great Game: Explorers, Spies & Maps in Nineteenth-century Asia. Oxford: Casemate (UK). ISBN 978-1-61200-814-1.
- Ewans, Martin (2002), Afghanistan: A Short History of Its People and Politics, HarperCollins, ISBN 978-0060505080
- Ewans, Martin (2012), Securing the Indian Frontier in Central Asia: Confrontation and Negotiation, 1865–1895, RoutledgeCurzon, Oxon. UK, ISBN 978-0415316392
- Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2014). The Anglo-Afghan Wars 1839–1919. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- Fromkin, David (1980). ?The great game in Asia”. Foreign Affairs. 4 (4): 936—951. JSTOR 20040512. doi:10.2307/20040512.
- Hopkirk, Peter. (1990). The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia.. ( NY: Kodansha, ._. Illus. 564p. maps. [Original title, UK: The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia], popular military history
- Ingram, Edward. (1981). Commitment to Empire: Prophecies of the Great Game in Asia, 1797–1800. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822662-8.
- Ingram, Edward. (1979). Beginning of the Great Game in Asia, 1828–1834. Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822470-9.
- Ingram, Edward (1980). ?Great Britain's Great Game: An Introduction”. The International History Review. 2 (2): 160—171. JSTOR 40105749. doi:10.1080/07075332.1980.9640210.
- Khodarkovsky, Michael (2015). ?The Great Game in the North Caucasus.”. Canadian-American Slavic Studies. 49 (2–3): 384—390. doi:10.1163/22102396-04902017.
- Klein, Ira (1971). ?The Anglo-Russian Convention and the Problem of Central Asia, 1907-1914”. Journal of British Studies. 11 (1): 126—147. JSTOR 175041. doi:10.1086/385621.
- Mahajan, Sneh (2001), British Foreign Policy 1874–1914: The Role of India (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 9780415260107, Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 10. 10. 2016. г.
- Mohl, Raymond A (март 1969). ?Confrontation in Central Asia, 1885”. History Today. 19 (3): 176—183.. online.
- Morgan, Gerald (1973), ?Myth and Reality in the Great Game”, Asian Affairs, 4 (1): 55—65, doi:10.1080/03068377308729652
- Morgan, Gerald (1981), Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia: 1810–1895, Epilogue by Lt. Col. (retd) Geoffrey Wheeler, Routledge, London, ISBN 978-0714631790
- Preston, Adrian (1980). ?Frustrated Great Gamesmanship: Sir Garnet Wolseley's Plans for War”. The International History Review. 2 (2): 239—265. JSTOR 40105752. doi:10.1080/07075332.1980.9640213.
- Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David (2014). ?Paul's great game: Russia's plan to invade British India.”. Central Asian Survey. 33 (2): 143—152. doi:10.1080/02634937.2014.909672.. On Russia's failed plan to invade India in 1801.
- Schimmelpenninck van der Oye, David. ?Russian foreign policy: 1815–1917.”. The Cambridge History of Russia. 2: 554—574. in (2006): , argues Russia had no intention of attacking India after 1801
- Sergeev, Evgeni?. (2013). The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia. Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
- Salisbury, Robert (2020). William Simpson and the Crisis in Central Asia, 1884-5. Roxburghe Club. ISBN 978-1-5272-7047-3.
- Stone, James (2015). ?Bismarck and the Great Game: Germany and Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia, 1871-1890”. Central European History. 48 (2): 151—175. JSTOR 43965144. S2CID 146241990. doi:10.1017/S0008938915000321.
- Thornton, A. P. (1954). ?Afghanistan in Anglo-Russian Diplomacy, 1869-1873”. Cambridge Historical Journal. 11 (2): 204—218. JSTOR 3021077. doi:10.1017/S1474691300002870.
- Tripodi, Christian (2010). ?Grand Strategy and the Graveyard of Assumptions: Britain and Afghanistan, 1839–1919”. Journal of Strategic Studies. 33 (5): 701—725. doi:10.1080/01402390.2010.498252.
- Amos, Philip (1980). ?Recent Work on the Great Game in Asia”. The International History Review. 2 (2): 308—320. JSTOR 80000106.
- Becker, Seymour (2012). ?The 'great game': The history of an evocative phrase.”. Asian Affairs. 43 (1): 61—80. doi:10.1080/03068374.2012.646404.
- Martel, Gordon (1980). ?Documenting the Great Game: 'World Policy' and the 'Turbulent Frontier'”. The International History Review. 2 (2): 288—308. JSTOR 40105755. doi:10.1080/07075332.1980.9640215.
- Morrison, Alexander (2014). ?Introduction: Killing the Cotton Canard and getting rid of the Great Game: rewriting the Russian conquest of Central Asia, 1814–1895.”: 131—142.. online
- Yapp, Malcolm (16. 5. 2000), ?The Legend of the Great Game” (PDF), Proceedings of the British Academy: 2000 Lectures and Memoirs, 111, Oxford University Press, стр. 179—198
- Ewans, Martin (2004), The Great Game: Britain and Russia in Central Asia, Volume 1, Documents, RoutledgeCurzon, Oxon. UK, ISBN 978-0415316392
- Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV (1908), The Indian Empire, Administrative, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. xxx, 1 map, 552
- William, Dalrymple (2012). Return of a King: The Battle for Afghanistan. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4088-1830-5.
- Findlay, Adam George (2015). Preventing Strategic Defeat: A Reassessment of the First Anglo-Afghan War (PDF) (Теза). Canberra: University of New South Wales.
- Fowler, Corinne (2007). Chasing Tales: Travel Writing, Journalism and the History of British Ideas about Afghanistan. Amsterdam: Brill | Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-2262-1. doi:10.1163/9789401204873.
- Greenwood, Joseph (1844). Narrative of the Late Victorious Campaign in Affghanistan, under General Pollock: With Recollections of Seven Years' service in India. London: Henry Colburn.
- Hopkirk, Peter (1990). The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-1-56836-022-5.
- Kaye, John William (1851). History of the War in Afghanistan. London: Richard Bentley.
- Macrory, Patrick (1966). The Fierce Pawns.. J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia
- Macrory, Patrick (2002). Retreat from Kabul: The Catastrophic British Defeat in Afghanistan, 1842. Guilford, CT: The Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1-59921-177-0.
- Morris, Mowbray (1878). The First Afghan War. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.
- Perry, James M. (1996). Arrogant Armies: Great Military Disasters and the Generals Behind Them. New York: Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-11976-0.
- Barthorp, Michael (2002). Afghan Wars and the North-West Frontier 1839–1947. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-36294-8.
- Barfield, Thomas (2010). Afghanistan: A Cultural and Political History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-14568-6.
- Blood, Peter R, ур. (1996). Pakistan: A Country Study. Diane Publishing. ISBN 9780788136313.
- Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook, Недоста?е или ?е празан параметар
|title=(помо?) - Farwell, Byron (1973). Queen Victoria's Little Wars. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0713904577.
- Hanna, Henry Bathurst (1904). The Second Afghan War, 2025-08-07: Its Causes, Its Conduct and Its Consequences. 2. Archibald Constable & Co.
- Johnson, Robert (2011). The Afghan Way of War: How and Why They Fight. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199912568.
- Roberts, Sir Frederick (1897). Forty-one Years in India. London: Macmillan & Co.
- Walker, Phillip Francis. (1881). Afghanistan: A Short Account of Afghanistan, Its History, and Our Dealings with It. London: Griffith and Farran.
- Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1977). North-West Frontier 1837–1947. London: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-85045-275-9.
Спо?аш?е везе
[уреди | уреди извор]
- The Franco-Russian Expedition to India
- Central Asia: Afghanistan and Her Relation to British and Russian Territories from 1885.
- ?The timeline of the Great Game”. Архивирано из оригинала 24. 09. 2015. г. Приступ?ено 04. 09. 2021.
